Python Liskov Substitution Principle

Summary: in this tutorial, you’ll learn about the Liskov Substitution Principle and how to implement it in Python.

Introduction to the Liskov substitution principle

The Liskov substitution principle (LSV) is one of the five principles in the SOLID principles. The L in SOLID stands for the Liskov substitution principle.

• S – Single Responsibility Principle
• O – Open-closed Principle
• L – Liskov Substitution Principle
• I – Interface Segregation Principle
• D – Dependency Inversion Principle

The Liskov substitution principle states that a child class must be substitutable for its parent class. Liskov substitution principle aims to ensure that the child class can assume the place of its parent class without causing any errors.

Consider the following example:

from abc import ABC, abstractmethod class Notification(ABC): @abstractmethod def notify(self, message, email): pass class Email(Notification): def notify(self, message, email): print(f'Send {message} to {email}') class SMS(Notification): def notify(self, message, phone): print(f'Send {message} to {phone}') if __name__ == '__main__': notification = SMS() notification.notify('Hello', '[email protected]')Code language: Python (python)

In this example, we have three classes: Notification, Email, and SMS. The Email and SMS classes inherit from the Notification class.

The Notification abstract class has notify() method that sends a message to an email address.

The notify() method of the Email class sends a message to an email, which is fine.

However, the SMS class uses a phone number, not an email, for sending a message. Therefore, we need to change the signature of the notify() method of the SMS class to accept a phone number instead of an email.

The following NotificationManager class uses the Notification object to send a message to a Contact:

class Contact: def __init__(self, name, email, phone): self.name = name self.email = email self.phone = phone class NotificationManager: def __init__(self, notification, contact): self.contact = contact self.notification = notification def send(self, message): if isinstance(self.notification, Email): self.notification.notify(message, contact.email) elif isinstance(self.notification, SMS): self.notification.notify(message, contact.phone) else: raise Exception('The notification is not supported') if __name__ == '__main__': contact = Contact('John Doe', '[email protected]', '(408)-888-9999') notification_manager = NotificationManager(SMS(), contact) notification_manager.send('Hello John') Code language: Python (python)

The send() method of the NoticationManager class accepts a notification object. It checks whether the notification is an instance of the Email or SMS and passes the email and phone of contact to the notify() method respectively.

Conform with the Liskov substitution principle

First, redefine the notify() method of the Notification class so that it doesn’t include the email parameter:

class Notification(ABC): @abstractmethod def notify(self, message): passCode language: Python (python)

Second, add the email parameter to the __init__ method of the Email class:

class Email(Notification): def __init__(self, email): self.email = email def notify(self, message): print(f'Send "{message}" to {self.email}')Code language: Python (python)

Third, add the phone parameter to the __init__ method of the SMS class:

class SMS(Notification): def __init__(self, phone): self.phone = phone def notify(self, message): print(f'Send "{message}" to {self.phone}')Code language: Python (python)

Fourth, change the NotificationManager class:

class NotificationManager: def __init__(self, notification): self.notification = notification def send(self, message): self.notification.notify(message)Code language: Python (python)

Put it all together:

from abc import ABC, abstractmethod class Notification(ABC): @abstractmethod def notify(self, message): pass class Email(Notification): def __init__(self, email): self.email = email def notify(self, message): print(f'Send "{message}" to {self.email}') class SMS(Notification): def __init__(self, phone): self.phone = phone def notify(self, message): print(f'Send "{message}" to {self.phone}') class Contact: def __init__(self, name, email, phone): self.name = name self.email = email self.phone = phone class NotificationManager: def __init__(self, notification): self.notification = notification def send(self, message): self.notification.notify(message) if __name__ == '__main__': contact = Contact('John Doe', '[email protected]', '(408)-888-9999') sms_notification = SMS(contact.phone) email_notification = Email(contact.email) notification_manager = NotificationManager(sms_notification) notification_manager.send('Hello John') notification_manager.notification = email_notification notification_manager.send('Hi John')