Summary: in this tutorial, you’ll learn about Python modules, how to import objects from a module, and how to develop your modules.
Introduction to Python modules
A module is a piece of software that has a specific functionality. A Python module is a file that contains Python code.
For example, when building a shopping cart application, you can have one module for calculating prices and another module for managing items in the cart. Each module is a separate Python source code file.
A module has a name specified by the filename without the .py extension. For example, if you have a file called pricing.py, the module name is pricing.
Writing Python modules
First, create a new file called pricing.py and add the following code:
# pricing.py def get_net_price(price, tax_rate, discount=0): return price * (1 + tax_rate) * (1-discount) def get_tax(price, tax_rate=0): return price * tax_rateCode language: Python (python)The pricing module has two functions that calculate the net price and tax from the selling price, tax rate, and discount.
Importing module objects
To use objects defined in a module from another file, you can use the import statement.
The import statement has several forms that we will discuss in the next sections.
1) import <module_name>
To use objects defined in a module, you need to import the module using the following import statement:
import module_nameCode language: Python (python)For example, to use the pricing module in the main.py file, you use the following statement:import pricingCode language: Python (python)
When you import a module, Python executes all the code from the corresponding file. In this example, Python executes the code from the pricing.py file. Also, Python adds the module name to the current module.
This module name allows you to access functions, variables, etc. from the imported module in the current module. For example, you can call a function defined in the imported module using the following syntax:
module_name.function_name()Code language: Python (python)The following shows how to use the get_net_price() function defined in the pricing module in the main.py file:
# main.py import pricing net_price = pricing.get_net_price( price=100, tax_rate=0.01 ) print(net_price)Code language: Python (python)Output:
101.0Code language: Python (python)2) import <module_name> as new_name
If you don’t want to use the pricing as the identifier in the main.py, you can rename the module name to another as follows:
import pricing as selling_priceCode language: Python (python)And then you can use the selling_price as the identifier in the main.py:
net_price = selling_price.get_net_price( price=100, tax_rate=0.01 )Code language: Python (python)3) from <module_name> import <name>
If you want to reference objects in a module without prefixing the module name, you can explicitly import them using the following syntax:
from module_name import fn1, fn2Code language: Python (python)Now, you can use the imported functions without specifying the module name like this:
fn1() fn2()Code language: Python (python)This example imports the get_net_price() function from the pricing module:
# main.py from pricing import get_net_priceCode language: Python (python)and use the get_net_price() function from the pricing module:
# main.py from pricing import get_net_price net_price = get_net_price(price=100, tax_rate=0.01) print(net_price)Code language: Python (python)4) from <module_name> import <name> as <new_name>: rename the imported objects
It’s possible to rename an imported name to another by using the following import statement:
from <module_name> import <name> as <new_name>Code language: Python (python)The following example renames the get_net_price() function from the pricing module to calculate_net_price() function:
from pricing import get_net_price as calculate_net_price net_price = calculate_net_price( price=100, tax_rate=0.1, discount=0.05 )Code language: Python (python)5) from <module_name> import * : import all objects from a module
To import every object from a module, you can use the following syntax:
from module_name import *Code language: Python (python)This import statement will import all public identifiers including variables, constants, functions, classes, etc., to the program.
However, it’s not a good practice because if the imported modules have the same object, the object from the second module will override the first one. The program may not work as you would expect.
Let’s see the following example.
First, create a new file called product.py and define the get_tax() function:
# product.py def get_tax(price): return price * 0.1Code language: Python (python)Both product and pricing modules have the get_tax() function. However, the get_tax() function from the product module has only one parameter while the get_tax() function from the pricing module has two parameters.
Second, import all objects from both pricing and product modules and use the get_tax() function:
from pricing import * from product import * tax = get_tax(100) print(tax)Code language: Python (python)Since the get_tax() function from the product module overrides the get_tax() function from the pricing module, you get the tax with a value of 10.
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