Strings

The string in Pascal is actually a sequence of characters with an optional size specification. The characters could be numeric, letters, blank, special characters or a combination of all. Extended Pascal provides numerous types of string objects depending upon the system and implementation. We will discuss more common types of strings used in programs.

You can define a string in many ways −

• Character arrays − This is a character string which is a sequence of zero or more byte-sized characters enclosed in single quotes.
• String variables − The variable of String type, as defined in Turbo Pascal.
• Short strings − The variable of String type with size specification.
• Null terminated strings − The variable of pchar type.
• AnsiStrings − Ansistrings are strings that have no length limit.

Pascal provides only one string operator, string concatenation operator (+).

Examples

The following program prints first four kinds of strings. We will use AnsiStrings in the next example.

program exString;
var
   greetings: string;
   name: packed array [1..10] of char;
   organisation: string[10];
   message: pchar;

begin
   greetings := 'Hello ';
   message := 'Good Day!';
   
   writeln('Please Enter your Name');
   readln(name);
   
   writeln('Please Enter the name of your Organisation');
   readln(organisation);
   
   writeln(greetings, name, ' from ', organisation);
   writeln(message); 
end.

When the above code is compiled and executed, it produces the following result −

Please Enter your Name
John Smith
Please Enter the name of your Organisation
Infotech
Hello John Smith from Infotech

Following example makes use of few more functions, let’s see −

Live Demo

program exString;
uses sysutils;
var
   str1, str2, str3 : ansistring;
   str4: string;
   len: integer;

begin
   str1 := 'Hello ';
   str2 := 'There!';
   
   (* copy str1 into str3 *)
   str3 := str1;
   writeln('appendstr( str3, str1) :  ', str3 );
   
   (* concatenates str1 and str2 *)
   appendstr( str1, str2);
   writeln( 'appendstr( str1, str2) ' , str1 );
   str4 := str1 + str2;
   writeln('Now str4 is: ', str4);
   
   (* total lenghth of str4 after concatenation  *)
   len := byte(str4[0]);
   writeln('Length of the final string str4: ', len); 
end.

When the above code is compiled and executed, it produces the following result −

appendstr( str3, str1) : Hello
appendstr( str1, str2) : Hello There!
Now str4 is: Hello There! There!
Length of the final string str4: 18

Pascal String Functions and Procedures

Pascal supports a wide range of functions and procedures that manipulate strings. These subprograms vary implement-wise. Here, we are listing various string manipulating subprograms provided by Free Pascal −

Sr.No.	Function & Purpose
1	function AnsiCompareStr(const S1: ; const S2:):Integer;Compares two strings
2	function AnsiCompareText(const S1: ; const S2:):Integer;Compares two strings, case insensitive
3	function AnsiExtractQuotedStr(var Src: PChar; Quote: Char):;Removes quotes from string
4	function AnsiLastChar(const S:):PChar;Gets last character of string
5	function AnsiLowerCase(const s:):Converts string to all-lowercase
6	function AnsiQuotedStr(const S: ; Quote: Char):;Quotes a string
7	function AnsiStrComp(S1: PChar;S2: PChar):Integer;Compares strings case-sensitive
8	function AnsiStrIComp(S1: PChar; S2: PChar):Integer;Compares strings case-insensitive
9	function AnsiStrLComp(S1: PChar; S2: PChar; MaxLen: Cardinal):Integer;Compares L characters of strings case sensitive
10	function AnsiStrLIComp(S1: PChar; S2: PChar; MaxLen: Cardinal):Integer;Compares L characters of strings case insensitive
11	function AnsiStrLastChar(Str: PChar):PChar;Gets last character of string
12	function AnsiStrLower(Str: PChar):PChar;Converts string to all-lowercase
13	function AnsiStrUpper(Str: PChar):PChar;Converts string to all-uppercase
14	function AnsiUpperCase(const s:):;Converts string to all-uppercase
15	procedure AppendStr(var Dest: ; const S:);Appends 2 strings
16	procedure AssignStr(var P: PString; const S:);Assigns value of strings on heap
17	function CompareStr(const S1: ; const S2:):Integer; overload;Compares two strings case sensitive
18	function CompareText(const S1: ; const S2:):Integer;Compares two strings case insensitive
19	procedure DisposeStr(S: PString); overload;Removes string from heap
20	procedure DisposeStr(S: PShortString); overload;Removes string from heap
21	function IsValidIdent( const Ident:):Boolean;Is string a valid pascal identifier
22	function LastDelimiter(const Delimiters: ; const S:):Integer;Last occurrence of character in a string
23	function LeftStr(const S: ; Count: Integer):;Gets first N characters of a string
24	function LoadStr(Ident: Integer):;Loads string from resources
25	function LowerCase(const s: ):; overload;Converts string to all-lowercase
26	function LowerCase(const V: variant ):; overload;Converts string to all-lowercase
27	function NewStr(const S:):PString; overload;Allocates new string on heap
28	function RightStr(const S: ; Count: Integer):;Gets last N characters of a string
29	function StrAlloc(Size: Cardinal):PChar;Allocates memory for string
30	function StrBufSize(Str: PChar):SizeUInt;Reserves memory for a string
31	procedure StrDispose(Str: PChar);Removes string from heap
32	function StrPas(Str: PChar):;Converts PChar to pascal string
33	function StrPCopy(Dest: PChar; Source:):PChar;Copies pascal string
34	function StrPLCopy(Dest: PChar; Source: ; MaxLen: SizeUInt):PChar;Copies N bytes of pascal string
35	function UpperCase(const s:):;Converts string to all-uppercase