Python Stubs

Summary: in this tutorial, you’ll learn how to use Python stubs to isolate parts of your program from each other for unit testing.

Introduction to the Python stubs

Stubs are test doubles that return hard-coded values. The primary purpose of stubs is to prepare a specific state of the system under test.

Stubs are beneficial because they return consistent results, making the test easier to write. Also, you can run tests even if the components that stubs are present are not working yet.

Suppose you need to develop an alarm system that monitors the temperature of a room like a server room.

To do that you need to set up a temperature sensor device and use the data from that sensor to alert if the temperature is below or above a specific temperature.

First, define a Sensor class in the sensor.py module:

import random class Sensor: @property def temperature(self): return random.randint(10, 45)Code language: Python (python)

The Sensor class has a temperature property that returns a random temperature between 10 and 45. In the real world, the Sensor class needs to connect to the sensor device to get the actual temperature.

Second, define the Alarm class that uses a Sensor object:

from sensor import Sensor class Alarm: def __init__(self, sensor=None) -> None: self._low = 18 self._high = 24 self._sensor = sensor or Sensor() self._is_on = False def check(self): temperature = self._sensor.temperature if temperature < self._low or temperature > self._high: self._is_on = True @property def is_on(self): return self._is_onCode language: Python (python)

By default, the is_on property of the Alarm is off (False). The check() method turns the alarm on if the temperature is lower than 18 or higher than 42.

Once the is_on property of an Alarm object is on, you can send it to the alarm device to alert accordingly.

Because the temperature() method of the Sensor returns a random temperature, it’ll be difficult to test various scenarios to ensure the Alarm class works properly.

To resolve it, you can define a stub for the Sensor class called TestSensor. The TestSensor has the temperature property that returns a value provided when its object is initialized.

Third, define the TestSensor in test_sensor.py module:

class TestSensor: def __init__(self, temperature) -> None: self._temperature = temperature @property def temperature(self): return self._temperatureCode language: Python (python)

The TestSensor class is like the Sensor class except that the temperature property returns a value specified in the constructor.

Fourth, define a TestAlarm class in the test_alarm.py test module and import the Alarm and TestSensor from the alarm.py and sensor.py modules:

import unittest from alarm import Alarm from test_sensor import TestSensor class TestAlarm(unittest.TestCase): passCode language: Python (python)

Fifth, test if the alarm is off by default:

import unittest from alarm import Alarm from test_sensor import TestSensor class TestAlarm(unittest.TestCase): def test_is_alarm_off_by_default(self): alarm = Alarm() self.assertFalse(alarm.is_on) Code language: Python (python)

In the test_is_alarm_off_by_default we create a new alarm instance and use the assertFalse() method to check if the is_on property of the alarm object is False.

Run the test:

python -m unittest -vCode language: Python (python)

Output:

test_is_alarm_off_by_default (test_alarm.TestAlarm) ... ok ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Ran 1 test in 0.000s OKCode language: Python (python)

Sixth, test the check() method of the Alarm class in case the temperature is too high:

import unittest from alarm import Alarm from test_sensor import TestSensor class TestAlarm(unittest.TestCase): def test_is_alarm_off_by_default(self): alarm = Alarm() self.assertFalse(alarm.is_on) def test_check_temperature_too_high(self): alarm = Alarm(TestSensor(25)) alarm.check() self.assertTrue(alarm.is_on)Code language: Python (python)

In the test_check_temperature_too_high() test method:

• Create an instance of the TestSensor with temperature 25 and passes it to the Alarm constructor.
• Call the check() method of the alarm object.
• Use the assertTrue() to test if the is_on property of the alarm is True.

Run the test:

python -m unittest -vCode language: Python (python)

Output:

test_check_temperature_too_high (test_alarm.TestAlarm) ... ok test_is_alarm_off_by_default (test_alarm.TestAlarm) ... ok ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Ran 2 tests in 0.001s OKCode language: Python (python)

The alarm is on because the temperature is higher than 24.

Seventh, test the check() method of the Alarm class when the temperature is too low:

import unittest from alarm import Alarm from test_sensor import TestSensor class TestAlarm(unittest.TestCase): def test_is_alarm_off_by_default(self): alarm = Alarm() self.assertFalse(alarm.is_on) def test_check_temperature_too_high(self): alarm = Alarm(TestSensor(25)) alarm.check() self.assertTrue(alarm.is_on) def test_check_temperature_too_low(self): alarm = Alarm(TestSensor(17)) alarm.check() self.assertTrue(alarm.is_on)Code language: Python (python)

In the test_check_temperature_too_low() test method:

• Create an instance of the TestSensor with temperature 17 and passes it to the Alarm constructor.
• Call the check() method of the alarm object.
• Use the assertTrue() to test if the is_on property of the alarm is True.

Run the test:

python -m unittest -vCode language: Python (python)

Output:

test_check_temperature_too_high (test_alarm.TestAlarm) ... ok test_check_temperature_too_low (test_alarm.TestAlarm) ... ok test_is_alarm_off_by_default (test_alarm.TestAlarm) ... ok ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Ran 3 tests in 0.001s OKCode language: Python (python)

Seventh, test the check() method of the Alarm class if the temperature is in the safe range (18, 24):

import unittest from alarm import Alarm from test_sensor import TestSensor class TestAlarm(unittest.TestCase): def test_is_alarm_off_by_default(self): alarm = Alarm() self.assertFalse(alarm.is_on) def test_check_temperature_too_high(self): alarm = Alarm(TestSensor(25)) alarm.check() self.assertTrue(alarm.is_on) def test_check_temperature_too_low(self): alarm = Alarm(TestSensor(15)) alarm.check() self.assertTrue(alarm.is_on) def test_check_normal_temperature(self): alarm = Alarm(TestSensor(20)) alarm.check() self.assertFalse(alarm.is_on)Code language: Python (python)

In the test_check_normal_temperature() method we create a TestSensor with the temperature 20 and pass it to the Alarm constructor. Since the temperature is in the range (18, 24), the alarm should be off.

Run the test:

python -m unittest -vCode language: Python (python)

Output:

test_check_normal_temperature (test_alarm.TestAlarm) ... ok test_check_temperature_too_high (test_alarm.TestAlarm) ... ok test_check_temperature_too_low (test_alarm.TestAlarm) ... ok test_is_alarm_off_by_default (test_alarm.TestAlarm) ... ok ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Ran 4 tests in 0.001s OKCode language: Python (python)

Using MagicMock class to create stubs

Python provides you with the MagicMock object in the unittest.mock module that allows you to create stubs more easily.

To create a stub for the Sensor class using the MagicMock class, you pass the Sensor class to the MagicMock() constructor:

mock_sensor = MagicMock(Sensor)Code language: Python (python)

The mock_sensor is the new instance of the MagicMock class that mocks the Sensor class.

By using the mock_sensor object, you can set its property or call a method. For example, you can assign a specific temperature e.g., 25 to the temperature property of the mock sensor like this:

mock_sensor.temperature = 25Code language: Python (python)

The following shows the new version of the TestAlarm that uses the MagicMock class:

import unittest from unittest.mock import MagicMock from alarm import Alarm from sensor import Sensor class TestAlarm(unittest.TestCase): def setUp(self): self.mock_sensor = MagicMock(Sensor) self.alarm = Alarm(self.mock_sensor) def test_is_alarm_off_by_default(self): alarm = Alarm() self.assertFalse(alarm.is_on) def test_check_temperature_too_high(self): self.mock_sensor.temperature = 25 self.alarm.check() self.assertTrue(self.alarm.is_on) def test_check_temperature_too_low(self): self.mock_sensor.temperature = 15 self.alarm.check() self.assertTrue(self.alarm.is_on) def test_check_normal_temperature(self): self.mock_sensor.temperature = 20 self.alarm.check() self.assertFalse(self.alarm.is_on)Code language: Python (python)

Using patch() method

To make it easier to work with MagicMock, you can use the patch() as a decorator. For example:

import unittest from unittest.mock import patch from alarm import Alarm class TestAlarm(unittest.TestCase): @patch('sensor.Sensor') def test_check_temperature_too_low(self, sensor): sensor.temperature = 10 alarm = Alarm(sensor) alarm.check() self.assertTrue(alarm.is_on)Code language: Python (python)

In this example, we use a @patch decorator on the test_check_temperature_too_low() method. In the decorator, we pass the sensor.Sensor as a target to patch.

Once we use the @patch decorator, the test method will have the second parameter which is an instance of the MagicMock that mocks the sensor.Sensor class.

Inside the test method, we set the temperature property of the sensor to 10, create a new instance of the Alarm class, and call check() method, and use the assertTrue() method to test if the alarm is on.

Run the test:

python -m unittest -vCode language: Python (python)

Output:

test_check_temperature_too_low (test_alarm_with_patch.TestAlarm) ... ok ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Ran 1 test in 0.001s