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The execution and the exception always go together. If you are opening a file, which does not exist, then if you did not handle this situation properly, then your program is considered to be of bad quality. The program stops if an exception occurs. So exceptions are used to handle various type of errors, which…

Ruby provides a whole set of I/O-related methods implemented in the Kernel module. All the I/O methods are derived from the class IO. The class IO provides all the basic methods, such as read, write, gets, puts, readline, getc, and printf. This chapter will cover all the basic I/O functions available in Ruby. For more functions, please refer to Ruby…

Iterators are nothing but methods supported by collections. Objects that store a group of data members are called collections. In Ruby, arrays and hashes can be termed collections. Iterators return all the elements of a collection, one after the other. We will be discussing two iterators here, each and collect. Let’s look at these in detail. Ruby each Iterator…

Ranges occur everywhere: January to December, 0 to 9, lines 50 through 67, and so on. Ruby supports ranges and allows us to use ranges in a variety of ways − Ranges as Sequences The first and perhaps the most natural use of ranges is to express a sequence. Sequences have a start point, an…

The Time class represents dates and times in Ruby. It is a thin layer over the system date and time functionality provided by the operating system. This class may be unable on your system to represent dates before 1970 or after 2038. This chapter makes you familiar with all the most wanted concepts of date and time.…

A Hash is a collection of key-value pairs like this: “employee” = > “salary”. It is similar to an Array, except that indexing is done via arbitrary keys of any object type, not an integer index. The order in which you traverse a hash by either key or value may seem arbitrary and will generally…

Ruby arrays are ordered, integer-indexed collections of any object. Each element in an array is associated with and referred to by an index. Array indexing starts at 0, as in C or Java. A negative index is assumed relative to the end of the array — that is, an index of -1 indicates the last…

A String object in Ruby holds and manipulates an arbitrary sequence of one or more bytes, typically representing characters that represent human language. The simplest string literals are enclosed in single quotes (the apostrophe character). The text within the quote marks is the value of the string − If you need to place an apostrophe…